Pharmaceutical giant Roche – currently without a timeline, but mindful of the urgency – is gearing up for
the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of IONIS-HTTRx, the
gene-silencing drug shown to dramatically reduce the amount of the toxic
protein implicated in Huntington’s disease in Phase 1/2a trial results
announced March 1.
The earlier study was aimed only to assess safety and
tolerability, but also provided signals regarding the drug’s potential
efficacy. IONIS-HTTRx lowered the mutant huntingtin protein an
average of 40 percent, with a maximum reduction of 60 percent, in the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of participants in the Ionis Pharmaceuticals Phase 1/2a trial, completed in December 2017.
Based on animal studies, that corresponds to reductions in the cerebral cortex
of 55-85 percent. (Click here to read more.)
If Phase 3 is successful, that reduction in the cerebral
cortex could mean alleviation or even reversal of HD symptoms. The source of
thought and language, the cortex is the most developed area of the brain, and
the most severely hampered by HD.
IONIS-HTTRx clinical trial leaders presented the
results at the 13th Annual Huntington’s Disease Therapeutics Conference,
sponsored by CHDI Foundation, Inc., and held at the Parker Palm Springs hotel in Palm Springs, CA. A nonprofit virtual biotech, CHDI has invested hundreds of
millions of dollars in the quest for treatments, including a $10 million
payment to Ionis, later repaid to the foundation. It has helped draw attention
to HD in the pharmaceutical industry.
Roche officials confirmed that the company would take the
unusual step of skipping a Phase 2 trial (testing efficacy for the first time)
and going directly to a Phase 3 (confirming efficacy in hundreds of
participants).
The impressive Phase 1/2a results were the best news for the
HD community since the discovery of the huntingtin gene in 1993. Forty-six
early-stage HD patients took part at sites in England, Germany, and Canada.
A partner in the Ionis HD program since 2013,
Roche now holds the license to IONIS-HTTRx. It is already conducting
an open-label extension of the Phase 1/2a study, whereby all patients –
including those who got placebo – will receive the drug. The extension allows
researchers to gather critical additional data for planning Phase 3.
Roche now calls the drug RG6042. “R” is for Roche, and “G”
for Genentech, a major U.S.-based biotech firm acquired by Roche in 2009. The
number 6042 is a standard drug number assigned by the company. All U.S-based
Roche personnel and products still use the name Genentech.
With a 120-year history and about 94,000 employees
worldwide, Roche will bring considerable resources to bear in the Phase 3
trial. Hundreds will become involved in the project. It had a major presence at
the CHDI meeting: twelve researchers and other personnel attended, including
Scott Schobel, M.D., M.S., clinical science leader of product development.
“We’re all in,” Dr. Schobel told me, referring to the
company’s commitment to the program.
To learn more about the plans for Phase 3, I interviewed
three key members of the HD team, all based at Roche headquarters in Basel,
Switzerland.
Lauren Boak, Ph.D., in her twelfth year at Roche, is the
global development team leader, responsible for helping design, set up, and
analyze clinical trials. Also in his twelfth year, Erik Lundgren, a Harvard
University MBA, is the lifecycle leader of the HD team, involved in the
manufacture and supply of the potential medicine, plus related matters such as
regulatory approvals and educating the community about the drug. In her fifth
year, Mai-Lise Nguyen is the patient partnership director for the HD program.
Members of the Roche HD clinical trial team watch the presentation of the
IONIS-HTTRx Phase 1/2a data, March 1, 2018. From left to right,
Scott Schobel, M.D., M.S., Lauren Boak, Ph.D., Erik Lundgren, and Mai-Lise
Nguyen (photo by Gene Veritas).
Phase
3 ‘appropriate and reasonable’
The three representatives were excited about working with
the HD community and passionate about their work on the Roche HD project.
GV:
From Roche’s standpoint, what was observed in the HD patients in the Ionis-HTTRx
Phase 1/2a trial?
LB: We’re very pleased to see that over a number of
increasing doses, over four doses, the drug was safe and tolerable in HD
patients and, also, that there was lowering of huntingtin, in a dose-dependent
manner. As you increase the doses, the protein reduction was also increased.
So, fantastic results from that study.
EL: It’s a step towards validating this hypothesis that we
can target and reduce the causal protein, the root of this disease. It’s
extraordinarily important to be able to demonstrate that that’s possible
therapeutically. But it’s also important to remind everyone that this is an
early, Phase 1 study. It’s 46 patients, and we certainly all owe a debt of
thanks to those 46 people for being a part of early research. This trial also
only studied four doses. So while we are
very encouraged about these early results, there are still extremely important
questions that we need to address as we go forward.
GV:
Will you go straight to Phase 3?
EL: Yes. We do think it’s appropriate and reasonable to go
from here into larger studies that would support registration and filings for
drug approval, so what would typically be referred to as Phase 3. In a rare
disease, it’s not necessarily important to think about Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase
3. What we’re really focused on is: what are the requirements of regulators to
ultimately look at the supporting evidence for this experimental medicine and
make a determination that it’s acceptable for approval and, ultimately, to make
accessible to the HD community? That is a registrational study, or a pivotal
study.
However, an important caveat is: ultimately, we need to engage with –
and we’re doing this work – FDA and global health authorities to understand
what those requirements are, and to make sure that we’re building a clinical
study program that addresses their questions.
Gene Veritas (right, aka Kenneth P. Serbin) interviews Lauren Boak, Ph.D., and Erik Lundgren (photo by Mai-Lise Nguyen, Roche).
Confidence
in moving forward
GV:
Was it the strong data from Phase 1/2a that led you to this conclusion? Ionis
officials said that huntingtin was lowered “beyond expectations” in the CSF.
LB: Actually, it’s more related to the disease itself, and
how much we know about the underlying cause of Huntington’s disease. It’s a
monogenetic disease, and we know that
it’s caused by a mutation in the gene that leads to the formation of a toxic
protein, mutant huntingtin. Because of that knowledge, we have elevated
confidence – versus, say, other neurodegenerative disorders – that if we target
that mutant huntingtin and reduce it, it will lead to clinical benefit. That
gives us confidence that we would be able to have a shorter path to demonstrate
efficacy and therefore get to an approved medicine.
EL: But it’s not only about the monogenetic nature of the
disease; it’s about the incredible commitment and selflessness of this
community that’s dedicated to building a knowledge base that we can hopefully
use to really accelerate from this point forward. The evidence that has been
generated for Huntington’s disease and by the HD community is what gives us
that scientific confidence. It’s the work of groups like CHDI and the rest of
the HD community over years – of being a part of registry studies, of really
being committed to and dedicated to research. We say “thank you” to the
community for doing that.
MN: We’ve had relationships with the community. Now we’re at
the point where we can build them further, by having discussions with the
patient groups, with HD-Cope.
We’re speaking with members of the community to make sure that we’re designing
this next phase together.
CHDI’s
role
GV:
It’s evident that the investment CHDI has made in Huntington’s research is part
of what you’re talking about.
EL: Yes.
GV:
Have you consulted with CHDI as you move ahead?
LB: One of the great achievements that CHDI has spearheaded
is the development of the Enroll-HD platform. Obviously, this built upon Registry and other efforts in the field.
What the Enroll-HD platform gives – with over 16,000 patients worldwide
enrolled – is a wealth of data available characterizing the natural history of
patients (people living with HD over a period of time). We can learn a lot from
this data.
The way CHDI has funded this, it’s an open source available for all
researchers and industry. It’s just an incredible resource that is actually
unique to Huntington’s. It’s such a rich resource, because of the number of
years since the gene’s been discovered, and the countless efforts that have gone
into it. From the standpoint of working together with CHDI, we’ll certainly be
leveraging this along with a number of other groups such as HSG [Huntington Study Group], EHDN [European Huntington's Disease Network], and just
the broader community.
GV:
In the pharmaceutical industry, how common is it to go from a Phase 1 directly
to a Phase 3?
EL: It’s not particularly common. You need confidence in the
science. You need a medicine that shows promise. And there needs to be some
urgency: the devastation of this disease, and the urgent needs of this
community. So, while it is not common,
there is a well established regulatory pathway for us to follow.
LB: This is very well recognized by regulatory agencies.
That’s why there is, as much as possible, flexibility within the pathways
available for diseases such as this, with this type of potential medicine.
Other areas that have this sort of Phase-1-to-Phase-3, seamless approach
include oncology, where you have the obvious devastation of cancer and
life-threatening nature of the disease.
EL: The ability to target is the other place where this
overlaps with oncology – the ability to identify biologically a target and to
develop a molecule that can effectively engage with that target and act on it.
Ionis’
comprehensive preparation
GV:
Is the extreme care, amount of time, and extensive collaboration that Ionis
used in developing its antisense oligonucleotide drug (ASO, an artificial
strand of DNA blocking the production of the HD protein) one of the reasons for
the jump to Phase 3?
LB: Ionis has developed a very comprehensive package for
this medicine, and their expertise in ASOs is unparalleled. They have done a
lot of work to develop a preclinical package – the preclinical animal data – to
support the move into the clinic. That strength in the preclinical package
gives us confidence in what we see in the clinic. We’ve got evidence that the
drug is getting into the brain and is lowering mutant huntingtin.
Our confidence in whether this amount of mutant huntingtin
would be enough to potentially lead to clinical benefit in humans is based on
this solid animal, preclinical package. If we lower mutant huntingtin to a
certain extent, based on the broad phenotypic [observable] changes and
improvements in animals, in HD transgenic models, that will lead to a similar,
broad effects in humans. Obviously, we need to do the next clinical study to
prove that the lowering of the huntingtin protein leads to improved symptoms in
patients with HD.
In addition, the Phase 1/2a study was designed and executed
seamlessly. They chose very experienced scientific and collaborative
investigators. It was a very solid and dedicated team, as is, we’re learning,
the HD community in general.
Adding
the U.S., other countries
GV:
What are the key elements of the work you need to do as you head into Phase 3?
LB: We’re starting to think about what the next clinical
trial will look like, and how it will be designed. We’re working with different
stakeholders that will help guide this, such as patients, patient organizations
and the regulators, to understand what the needs are to move this drug forward
to approval. That’s a big effort and well underway. The medicine is moving into
a global study. The Phase 1/2a was in Germany, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
This next study will be across more countries, including the U.S. So we’re at the
stage of exploring what additional countries the study will be conducted in and
then identifying sites.
EL: The other group that’s really important here are payers,
so insurers or national payers in European or other non-U.S. markets. The goal
is to make this medicine available to people, and that means you have to
address regulatory questions first, then you have to provide compelling data so
that insurers will allow people to have access to the medicine.
GV:
Do you know much you’ll have to spend to get this into Phase 3?
EL: No. And it’s not something that’s the driving force.
Honestly, at this point, it’s about getting the answers right. We’ve made
significant investments, and we’ll continue to do what needs to be done to
answer the questions in front of us.
GV:
How many participants are you estimating will take part in the next phase?
LB: We don’t know at this point. It’s dependent on the final
design of the study, how many dose arms [dosages] we have, the particular
endpoints [outcome measures], as examples. But likely in the hundreds.
A
‘small army’ at work
GV:
How many people at Roche are working on the project?
EL: It’s a small army [laughter]. Obviously, the number is
increasing as we’ve opted into move the program forward. It’s a team that is
mostly based in Basel, but is global in scope. It’s an incredibly passionate
group of people.
GV:
Are we talking dozens of people on the HD team? Hundreds?
EL: It will be hundreds, for sure. It takes an unbelievable
amount of effort to go from here to where we and the HD community need to be.
The global aspect is extremely important. If you’re living with HD – whether
you have the gene yourself or are symptomatic or are a caregiver or just an
interested party – it’s a very individual issue. So we have to find a way to
serve the individual nature of this problem, but also have an eye to the global
nature of what we need to do to be able to serve every appropriate person that
could potentially benefit, and that’s not only people that reside within the
United States, for instance. It increases the complexity of the work that we
have to do quite significantly.
We’ll be communicating on sites and timing and all those
sorts of issues later. I can confirm that U.S. clinical trial sites will
definitely be included in for the next phase. The trial will be important, but
the trial is not the vehicle for people to have access to the drug. Ultimately,
approval by health authorities [in specific countries] is the path for people
to have access.
Timeline
pending
GV:
When will the next phase will start?
EL: We can’t commit at this point to when the next phase
will start. There’s just a lot of unknown factors. We understand that that’s a
pressing question that everyone wants an answer to. What’s most important for
us is doing the work to make sure that the pivotal study is going to address
and answer all of the questions that need to be addressed. We cannot afford to
cut corners.
GV:
Do you have an estimate of how many years it will take?
EL: It depends on a lot of things. When do we get it
started? How long do people need to be in a study for us to have confidence
that, if there’s a benefit to be observed, we give ourselves the best chance to
see it in that study? So is it a one-year, 18-month, two-year, three-year, or
four-year study? We’re very data-driven in how we make those determinations.
Another huge factor is: how many patients will we need in
the study? It’s going to go faster if it’s fewer patients. It’s going to take
longer if it’s more patients. The other piece that’s really important is: how
long does it take to recruit that number of patients for the study? We’ll be
able to give you a better answer to these questions later in the year.
An HD patient (photo by Mike Nowak)
Roche’s
interest in HD
GV:
How and why did Roche get involved in this project? What is it about HD that
has attracted the company?
LB: This project was of real high interest to [former Roche
executive] Luca Santarelli and the neuroscience group at the time because of the incredible groundbreaking
science that Ionis had done and the promise of this particular medicine and,
clearly, what potential it had to transform the lives of those with
Huntington’s disease.
EL: Our organization has two principal pillars. First and
foremost, Roche and Genentech are science-based organizations. The first thing
we look for is: is the science compelling? Is it innovative? Is there a
hypothesis we have confidence in? Right next to that is the need of the
community. We’ve got a really excellent track record of transforming diseases
that needed transformation, and hard problems: oncology, multiple sclerosis,
ophthalmology, immunology. From that perspective, Huntington’s disease is an
area where the science is rich and the needs of the community very
well-established.
We’re being flooded with people within Roche that want to be
a part of the HD program, because it speaks so powerfully to those two central
parts of really who we are as an organization.
Roche is known in the broader scope for the innovation and
transformation we brought to oncology. A really great example of that would be
in HER2-positive breast cancer.
HER2-positive is the most aggressive form of breast cancer. It had
significantly higher rates of mortality. But it’s now become what people would
like to have because effective treatments are available.
It’s also a really good example of not resting on laurels.
We brought a product called trastuzumab, or Herceptin,
to that community in 1998. And then, within the past five or six years, we’ve
brought two more therapies that have improved upon trastuzumab and led to even
more radical improvements for those patients.
MN: That is probably our most famous medicine. Roche has 30 medicines on the World Health Organization’s essential medicines list. Roche’s
legacy has continued to grow, including with the integration with Genentech,
which was the first biotech company in the world.
A
new era for neurodegenerative treatments?
GV:
What other neurodegenerative diseases are you focusing on?
LB: In our late-stage portfolio, we have two monoclonal
antibodies in development for Alzheimer’s disease, as well as a number of
others in earlier stage development for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and ALS. In neuroscience generally, we have Ocrevus,
which was recently approved for multiple sclerosis. We also have a number of
programs in development for neuromuscular disorders and autism.
GV:
What would treating HD effectively with RG-6042 mean for the field of
neurodegenerative diseases?
LB: It would be a historic moment obviously for Huntington’s
disease patients, but for the neurodegenerative field in general. One of the
achievements would be to get a targeted therapy to the brain. We’ve seen
evidence of that already with this medicine. The next step is to show that
reducing a causative protein leads to clinical benefit. If we can do this, the
hope is that this will herald a new era for neurodegenerative diseases because
of what we can learn from Huntington’s disease and then apply to Alzheimer’s
disease, to Parkinson’s disease, to ALS.
GV:
It seemed that the pharmaceutical industry was moving away from
neurodegenerative diseases. The companies were frustrated because they couldn’t
develop treatments. The scientists were frustrated because they nobody wanted to invest anymore. You
have jumped into what appears to have been a difficult situation. Can you
comment on this?
EL: Neurodegenerative diseases are hard, because the science
is opaque in many cases. Getting medicines to the brain has been an incredibly
difficult challenge. The endpoints – the way in which clinical trials measure a
treatment effect – are complex. It’s hard to see and measure and be able to
prove with statistics that you’re having an effect in neurodegenerative
diseases. In some of these diseases, it can take a really long time for the
disease course to run. It makes it hard to run these trials.
We’re not discouraged. We’re quite encouraged, because in this case we think we do understand the
science. We have been able to demonstrate that RG6042 gets into the brain and
that we’re able to affect this protein.
Rare-disease
status not a problem
GV:
How does the fact that HD is a “rare disease” factor into your plans for Phase
3 and the rest of the project?
LB: The fact that it’s rare from a clinical trial
perspective is important. There aren’t as many patients to participate in a
clinical trial as in other diseases. However, because of our confidence in our
understanding the disease and the mechanism of the medicine, the actual
clinical trial size doesn’t necessarily need to be that big.
Also, it’s a rare disease, but not very rare disease. It’s actually a high-prevalence rare disease. In
the case of HD, we are blessed with clinical trial networks that already exist that
we can leverage such as HSG and EHDN.
EL: I don’t like the term “rare disease.” It makes it feel
small, something off to the side. What all of us are personally struck by is:
if you’re an HD family or a gene carrier or affected with symptoms, it doesn’t
feel small. We think of HD as a really big problem to address.
Spinal
injections to continue
GV:
In the Phase 1/2a trial, patients received the drug via an intrathecal (spinal)
injection, with the medicine carried to the brain via the natural flow of the
CSF. In 2013, Luca Santarelli spoke of a possible alternative: using “brain
shuttle” technology to introduce the Ionis drug into the brain in the form of a
pill. What is the status of this research? Will it be used in Phase 3?
EL: The brain shuttle is exciting. We continue to invest in
understanding that technology better. For us, the most important thing right
now is to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of RG6042 in people living
with HD. There is enough complexity with just that question that we need to be
laser-focused on first addressing that one before we add in the additional
uncertainty that would be introduced by the unproven brain shuttle.
Longer-term, we understand the attractiveness of something like a brain shuttle
in HD.
GV:
So will Phase 3 use the spinal injection?
LB: Yes.
EL: An intrathecal injection is a way to get around the
blood-brain barrier, one of the central problems of neurodegenerative diseases.
It’s an effective and reasonably well-tolerated approach, especially in a
disease like HD.
Participants
to use special smartwatch
GV:
What other new technologies, techniques, and approaches might be used in Phase
3?
LB: One thing that we are developing – building on recent
experience in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease – is a Roche HD Digital Monitoring Platform. It’s a smartphone and watch for
use in the clinical study. We’ve tailored it for Huntington’s disease to
measure appropriate symptoms and activity in the disease. Instead of just
irregular clinic visits – single-day data points on patients’ symptoms and how
they’re feeling – we’ll have potentially daily, continuous monitoring of this.
This has potential to increase sensitivity to detect treatment effects. There
are 365 days of the year, and imagine if there’s only twelve visits in that
period. There’s a lot that happens over the course of a day, let alone a month.
There’s an inherent problem also with being able to remember, for anybody, how
you were feeling a day ago, let alone a week ago, etc. It’s your recall bias.
We’re really excited about this. We’ve already started deploying it in the
open-label extension study. We’re going to learn and perhaps adapt this for
inclusion in the pivotal study, Phase 3.
GV:
Will the participants wear electrodes?
LB: No, there is a smartwatch and smartphone and everything
that’s already built in, like a gyrometer and accelerometer. These are sensors
that will detect movement.
EL: We don’t want to miss any signals – good ones or bad
ones – that our trial participants have. It gives us more confidence that we’ll
be able to see something happening, measure it, quantify it, and, ultimately,
prove it. This is obvious to the HD community, but it’s important for how we
design our study. HD affects so many different domains. It’s not just walking
speed and spasticity and motor symptoms; it’s cognition, too.
There are two aspects of this digital platform: active
monitoring and passive monitoring. The active monitoring will have different
tests for the individual to do on a given day, such as a walking or cognitive
test. With the passive monitoring they can have the smartphone in their pocket
or on a belt and be monitored on how much they move in the course of a day.
GV:
Will it measure pulse or be connected to the blood in any way?
EL: No. It’s a smartphone like you buy off the shelf. The
software is what’s special, and the analytics engine behind it. A tremendous
amount of data comes in. The algorithms and how you make sense of that is what
our team has been working hard on developing.
A graphic illustrating the Roche-HD Digital Monitoring Platform (source: Roche)
Earning
the community’s trust
GV:
For many people, including in the HD community, “big pharma” is just out for
profits. I understand that these are business enterprises, and we don’t live in
a socialist system. But then you have things like the opioid crisis, which is
driven by a lot of bad actors in the business. There’s also the idea that some
companies just want to go for blockbuster drugs while ignoring smaller disease
communities. Would you like to comment on this?
EL: We’re all quite passionate about this issue.
MN: We can only speak to Roche. I personally think Roche is
a very unique company. We’ve had the same name over the door for over 120
years. We are still a majority family-owned company. The Hoffman-Roche family’s
descendants are still involved in the company. Our vice chairman, André Hoffmann,
said a phrase when he was speaking with some students this past summer. He and
the whole leadership team believe that Roche needs to be a “net-positive
contributor” to society.
We are lucky already that our core business is about health
care. We’re already a contribution to society. But how do you be that
net-positive? It’s about serving healthcare solutions, but we do so many other
things with the communities that we operate in and beyond, whether it’s with
social programs and philanthropy.
EL: We owe it to the HD community to earn trust. So we’re
here to listen and engage, and we hope to hear back from the HD community if we
fail in that test. This is not transactional for us. This is about partnering
to make a difference. We’ve all chosen to do this because we’re moved by it. On
our life cycle team, we talk about what we care about. One of our core pillars
is keeping people with HD in the center of every decision we make. At the end
of every meeting, we go around the room and score ourselves on that. It is not
lip service.
(For
the slides from a March 2, 2018 conference call and webcast regarding the
Ionis-Roche clinical trial program, click here.)
(Disclosure: I hold a symbolic amount of Ionis shares.)
